Estudos sobre a imagem das enfermeiras: cinco décadas entre a imagética e suas repercussões / Estudios sobre la imagen de las enfermeras: cinco décadas entre la imagen y sus repercusiones / Studies on the image of nurses: five decades between imagery and its repercussions

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a imagem da enfermeira na imprensa escrita nas décadas de 1930 a 1950 e suas repercussões nas décadas de 1970 a 1980. Método Estudo histórico-documental com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como fontes de dados às reportagens publicadas no Jornal baiano A Tarde nas décadas de 1930 a 1980, marcadas por importantes acontecimentos históricos nos cenários nacional e internacional, discussões sobre transformação da imagem e reconstrução da identidade profissional da enfermeira. Resultados Foram identificadas três representações centrais da enfermeira na impressa jornalística: a imagética religiosa e militar da profissão e as repercussões das imagens das enfermeiras como produto/produtoras de outras imagéticas que se escreveram no tempo histórico e que serão produtos de continuidades, rupturas e descontinuidades. Conclusões e implicações para a prática As imagens da enfermeira e suas repercussões são cocriações determinadas no campo social político e econômico que atravessa os tempos e a história estando relacionada aos interesses governamentais e de mercado.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la imagen de la enfermera en la prensa escrita en los años 1930-1950 y sus repercusiones en los años 1970-1980. Método Estudio histórico-documental con enfoque cualitativo, que utilizó como fuentes de datos los informes publicados en el periódico bahiano A Tarde en las décadas de 1930 a 1980, marcadas por importantes acontecimientos históricos en el escenario nacional e internacional y discusiones sobre la transformación de la imagen y la reconstrucción de la identidad profesional de la enfermera. Resultados Se identificaron tres representaciones centrales de la enfermera en la prensa periodística: las imágenes religiosas y militares de la profesión y las repercusiones de las imágenes de las enfermeras como producto/productora de otras imágenes que se escribieron en el tiempo histórico y serán producto de continuidades, rupturas y discontinuidades. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica Las imágenes de las enfermeras y sus repercusiones son co-creaciones conjuntas determinadas en los campos sociales político y económico que cruzan los tiempos y la historia en relación con los intereses del gobierno y del mercado.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the image of the nurse in written press in the 1930's-1950's and its repercussions in the 1970's-1980's. Method Historical-documentary study with a qualitative approach, which used as data sources the reports published in a newspaper from Bahia called A Tarde in the 1930's to the 1980's, marked by important historical events in the national and international scenario and discussions about image transformation and reconstruction of the nurse's professional identity. Results Three central representations of the nurse were identified in the journalistic press: the religious and military imagery of the profession and the repercussions of the nurses' images as a product/producer of other imagery that was written in historical time and will be products of continuities, ruptures and discontinuities. Conclusions and implications for practice The images of nurses and their repercussions are co-creations determined in the political and economic social field that crosses the times and history being related to government and market interests.

La alimentación en la España contemporánea a través del NO-DO / Food in contemporary Spain through NO-DO newsreel

El NO-DO, programa semanal creado como un servicio de difusión de obligatoria exhibición en los cines españoles durante la dictadura franquista, constituye el mayor fondo histórico audiovisual para la historia contemporánea de España durante el siglo XX. El análisis y el estudio de estos noticiarios y documentales ilustran, de forma paralela a la evolución política y socioeconómica de aquel momento, cómo tuvo lugar el proceso de transición alimentaria y nutricional. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal analizar y reflexionar acerca de la imagen que el NO-DO ofrecía a la población española sobre el ámbito de la nutrición y el desarrollo de las distintas tendencias en la alimentación de esta época. Para la elaboración de este estudio, se elaboró una amplia lista de descriptores propios de la disciplina de la nutrición y la alimentación de modo que sirviera como herramienta para la búsqueda de referencias recogidas tanto en los noticiarios como en los documentales, a través del buscador de la web del archivo online del NO-DO que se incluye en los fondos de la Filmoteca Española. Realizada la búsqueda y aplicados los criterios de exclusión, atendiendo a la temática de estudio, se analizaron un total de 169 noticiarios y 5 documentales. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos permitió una revisión general de esta época a través del proceso de transición nutricional que vivió el país en estas décadas (1943-1981)

The NO-DO, a weekly projection of the Franco regime, created as a diffusion service of obligatory exhibition in Spanish cinemas, constitutes the greatest audiovisual historical background for the contemporary history of Spain in the 20th century. The analysis and study of these newsreels and documentaries illustrate parallel to the political and socioeconomic evolution of that time, how the process of food and nutritional transition took place. The main objective of this work was to analyse and reflect on the image that these newsreels and documentaries offered to the Spanish population on the field of nutrition and the development of the different tendencies in the diet of this period. In order to carry out this study, an extensive list of descriptors specific to the discipline of nutrition and food was drawn up so that it could serve as a tool for searching for references collected both in newsreels and in documentaries, through the web search engine of the NO-DO on-line archive that is included in the Spanish Film Library's collection. Once the search was carried out and the exclusion criteria were applied, according to the subject of the study, there were analysed a total of 169 newsreels and 5 documentaries. The analysis of the results obtained allowed a general review of this era through the process of nutritional transition that the country experienced in these decades (1943-1981)

Tracking biomedicalization in the media: Public discourses on health and medicine in the UK and Italy, 1984-2017.

This article examines historical trends in the reporting of health, illness and medicine in UK and Italian newspapers from 1984 to 2017. It focuses on the increasing "biomedicalization" of health reporting and the framing of health and medicine as a matter of technoscientific interventions. Methodologically, we relied on two large datasets consisting of all the health- and medicine-related articles published in the online archives of The Guardian (UK) and la Repubblica (Italy). These articles underwent a quantitative analysis, based on topic modelling techniques, to identify and analyse relevant topics in the datasets. Moreover, we developed some synthetic indices to support the analysis of how medical and health news are "biomedicalized" in media coverage. Theoretically, we emphasise that media represent a constitutive environment in shaping biomedicalization processes. Our analyses show that across the period under scrutiny, biomedicalization is a relevant, even if sometimes ambivalent, frame in the media sphere, placing growing centrality on three dimensions: i) health and well-being as a matter of individual commitment to self-monitoring and self-surveillance; ii) biomedicine as a large technoscientific enterprise emerging from the entanglement between research fields and their technological embodiments; iii) the multiverse reforms of welfare systems in facing the trade-off between universal health coverage and the need to render the national healthcare system more sustainable and compatible with non-expansionary monetary policies and austerity approaches in managing state government budgets.

Looking into the Test Tube: The Birth of IVF on British Television.

The birth of Louise Brown, the world's first 'test-tube baby', has come to signify the moment at which technologically assisted human reproduction became a re ality. This was a highly mediated and visible reality, as this article explores through the example of a British television documentary about Louise Brown broadcast when she was just six weeks old, 'To Mrs Brown… A Daughter' (Thames Television, 1978). In the article, I discuss the programme alongside data from an interview with its producer, Peter Williams. Williams sought to convince the public that IVF was morally acceptable and to cultivate sympathy for the infertile through this film. I will consider how he went about this by focusing on the programme's visual presentation of Louise Brown, Peter Williams' aims in making the film and his sympathetic relationship with the 'pioneers' of IVF, gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe and physiologist Robert Edwards. I will conclude with a discussion of the political implications of this film and how it contributed to the normalisation of IVF at a pivotal moment in its history.

How the public autopsy of a slave Joice Heth launched P.T. Barnum's career as the Greatest Showman on Earth.

P.T. Barnum's career as the Greatest Showman on Earth began in 1835, when he "leased" and then publically exhibited a frail African American slave Joice Heth, who was reportedly the 161-year-old former nursemaid of George Washington, throughout New England; the contract was a lease, as slave ownership had recently become illegal in northern states. Barnum exhibited Heth 6 days a week for up to 12 hr a day. Under this grueling schedule, Heth became ill and died while under contract. Barnum sold tickets for her autopsy, which was performed by David L. Rogers, an accomplished New York surgeon, in front of an audience of 1,500 paying customers. Roger's autopsy determined that Heth was no more than 80 years old, and the penny newspapers, a new form of public media, called this a "humbug" and then published dozens of fabricated "fake news" stories about Barnum, Rogers, and Heth. Barnum and his business partner generated valuable publicity by telling different penny newspapers different stories. This whole spectacle launched Barnum's career as an entertainer. Five years earlier, Rogers performed a public dissection of Charles Gibbs, an infamous Caribbean pirate who was tried, convicted, and hung in New York City. This article describes the bizarre nature of American politics and culture in the 1830s that made all of these seem normal. I will also distinguish between "public dissection" and "public autopsy," and put these into an historical context. Finally, I will address the macabre concept of autopsy as a form of entertainment. Clin. Anat. 31:956-965, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Creating life and the media: translations and echoes.

Synthetic biology is the engineering view on biotechnology that ultimately aims at fulfilling the quest of building an artificial cell. From the very first attempts of synthesizing life, this subject has made an impact on the media through, very often, misleading headlines and news. We review here the historical journalistic approach on synthetic biology and related disciplines, from the early twentieth century to the lastest achievements on designing protocells or genome reduction. However, it would be very naive to consider the research community and the media to be unidirectionally linked, with the latter being mere displayers (and disrupters) of the research "reality". On the contrary, the research community has also received a strong influence from the media, as evidenced by statements from researchers, common metaphors and, even, a trend to unconsciously develop shared techno-social paradigms. We conclude that, beyond overstatements from researchers and journalists' misunderstandings, both communities provide strong feedback to each other and, together, contribute to define the dream that synthetic biologists are aiming for.

Neo-Malthusianism and eugenics in the struggle over meaning in the Spanish anarchist press, 1900-1936. / Neomalthusianismo y eugenesia en un contexto de lucha por el significado en la prensa anarquista española, 1900-1936.

This article analyzes the debate on neo-Malthusianism and eugenics in Spanish anarchist publications in the first third of the last century. Using theoretical frameworks that have been under-utilized thus far, it provides new interpretations of what the term "eugenics" meant in pro-anarchist neo-Malthusian journals. Framed within a "struggle over meaning," Spanish neo-Malthusianism re-signified eugenic ideas in an attempt to recover political ground that had been lost in the drive to promote individual control of human sexuality. This study also analyzes the role of the anarcho-syndicalist movement's "direct action" strategy, in which actions undertaken by individualist anarchists were seen as a complement to revolutionary action.

El artículo analiza el debate sobre neomalthusianismo y eugenesia que se realizó en medios anarquistas españoles en el primer tercio del siglo pasado. Con marcos teóricos poco utilizados hasta la fecha, se aportan nuevas interpretaciones acerca de lo que supuso la utilización del término eugenesia en las revistas neomalthusianas de inspiración anarquista. Enmarcado en una "lucha por el significado", el neomalthusianismo español resignificó las ideas eugenésicas que tenían como finalidad recuperar el terreno político perdido en la iniciativa por el control individual de la sexualidad humana. Asimismo, se analiza el papel que desempeñó la estrategia de "acción directa" por parte del movimiento anarcosindicalista que consideraba las acciones emprendidas por los anarquistas individualistas como un complemento de su acción revolucionaria.

Neomalthusianismo y eugenesia en un contexto de lucha por el significado en la prensa anarquista española, 1900-1936 / Neo-Malthusianism and eugenics in the struggle over meaning in the Spanish anarchist press, 1900-1936

Resumen El artículo analiza el debate sobre neomalthusianismo y eugenesia que se realizó en medios anarquistas españoles en el primer tercio del siglo pasado. Con marcos teóricos poco utilizados hasta la fecha, se aportan nuevas interpretaciones acerca de lo que supuso la utilización del término eugenesia en las revistas neomalthusianas de inspiración anarquista. Enmarcado en una "lucha por el significado", el neomalthusianismo español resignificó las ideas eugenésicas que tenían como finalidad recuperar el terreno político perdido en la iniciativa por el control individual de la sexualidad humana. Asimismo, se analiza el papel que desempeñó la estrategia de "acción directa" por parte del movimiento anarcosindicalista que consideraba las acciones emprendidas por los anarquistas individualistas como un complemento de su acción revolucionaria.

Abstract This article analyzes the debate on neo-Malthusianism and eugenics in Spanish anarchist publications in the first third of the last century. Using theoretical frameworks that have been under-utilized thus far, it provides new interpretations of what the term "eugenics" meant in pro-anarchist neo-Malthusian journals. Framed within a "struggle over meaning," Spanish neo-Malthusianism re-signified eugenic ideas in an attempt to recover political ground that had been lost in the drive to promote individual control of human sexuality. This study also analyzes the role of the anarcho-syndicalist movement's "direct action" strategy, in which actions undertaken by individualist anarchists were seen as a complement to revolutionary action.

The Short-Lived Epidemic of Botulism From Commercially Canned Foods in the United States, 1919 to 1925.

In 1919, three deadly outbreaks of botulism caused by consumption of canned olives packed in California captured national headlines. In all of the outbreaks, which occurred in separate locales, unsuspecting people died after consuming tainted food during a banquet or family meal. The press's sensational portrayal of canned food as hazardous aroused alarm among consumers at a time when commercial canning was becoming more common. Intent on restoring the image of their product as safe and wholesome, canning industry leaders funded a "botulism commission" of scientific experts in 1919 to investigate how to systematically eliminate the threat of botulism that had imperiled their business. The commissioners identified the scientific reasons for the outbreaks, and on the basis of their findings, the California Department of Public Health issued explicit recommendations for sterilization procedures intended to ensure safety. However, the department did not mandate inspections for all canneries. When commercially packed fruits and vegetables continued to cause botulism, industry leaders voluntarily backed a cannery inspection act to legally require all California canners to possess appropriate equipment and follow scientifically validated sterilization procedures. After the California legislature approved the act in 1925, canneries were inspected, regulations were enforced, and no further outbreaks occurred. This botulism epidemic is an example of a disease outbreak that was controlled when business interests became aligned with public health goals. The press's portrayal of afflicted persons as innocent victims and worthy citizens galvanized businessmen to implement safeguards to protect consumers from botulism intoxication. To preserve their customer base and salvage their corporations, leaders of the canning industry acknowledged the public health threat of their unregulated procedures and acted on the recommendations of scientists.

[Oxytocin: From a Hormone for Birth to a Social Hormone : The Hormonal Governance of Sociability aka Society]. / Oxytocin: Vom Geburts- zum Sozialhormon : Zur hormonellen Regierbarkeit von Soziabilität aka Gesellschaft.

In the mass media, the hormone Oxytocin is currently being debated as the biochemical basis of sociability and a powerful neuropharmacological solution for (re-)establishing societal cohesion. Given its beginning as a 'bodyhormone' early in the 20th century, this article will trace the extraordinary career of Oxytocin from a regulator of birth to a regulator of society. What makes so strong a claim intelligible and acceptable? Our analysis of the scientific discourse on Oxytocin (1906-1990), the mass media discourse since the 1990s, and its repercussions for the scientific discourse during the same period, suggest a series of re-configurations of scientific theories and practices, as well as of the conception of the substance itself. Oxytocin became established in the first half of the 20th century, and as a neurohormone as early as the 1950s, yet during the following decades attracted little scientific attention. Only following the mass media's focus on the suggested effects of Oxytocin on love and bonding did the substance increasingly become the focus of empirical research. This work argues that the reception of Oxytocin as a potential neurohormonal basis for individual sociability strongly relies on the mass media discourses, biopolitical linkages that had already been made in the first half of the 20th century aiming at the regulation of life, and a technoscientific mode of research on Oxytocin. At their intersection Oxytocin emerged as a social hormone.

Public education and media relations in psychology.

This article reviews psychology's attempts to influence public attitudes about both the science and the profession of psychology. The early history of the profession is reviewed, and the efforts of the American Psychological Association (APA) to shape the public's perception of psychology are discussed. The rise of social media is reviewed, and important social media outlets relevant to psychology are identified. The activities of the Society for Media Psychology and Technology (APA Division 46) are illustrated, and the presidents of the Division are identified. The work of those psychologists who are noted public intellectuals or who have received Nobel prizes or National Medal of Science awards for their research is briefly reviewed, and the public notoriety of 4 prominent media celebrities (Joy Browne, Joyce Brothers, Laura Schlessinger, and Phil McGraw) is discussed. Several controversies in the field of psychology that have influenced the public and their attitudes about psychology are also briefly reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Psychosurgery, ethics, and media: a history of Walter Freeman and the lobotomy.

At the peak of his career, Walter J. Freeman II was a celebrated physician and scientist. He served as the first chairman of the Department of Neurology at George Washington University and was a tireless advocate of surgical treatment for mental illness. His eccentric appearance, engaging personality during interviews, and theatrical demonstrations of his surgical techniques gained him substantial popularity with local and national media, and he performed more than 3000 prefrontal and transorbital lobotomies between 1930 and 1960. However, poor patient outcomes, unfavorable portrayals of the lobotomy in literature and film, and increased regulatory scrutiny contributed to the lobotomy's decline in popularity. The development of antipsychotic medications eventually relegated the lobotomy to rare circumstances, and Freeman's reputation deteriorated. Today, despite significant advancements in technique, oversight, and ethical scrutiny, neurosurgical treatment of mental illness still carries a degree of social stigma. This review presents a historical account of Walter Freeman's life and career, and the popularization of the lobotomy in the US. Additionally, the authors pay special attention to the influence of popular literature and film on the public's perception of psychosurgery. Aided by an understanding of this pivotal period in medical history, neurosurgeons are poised to confront the ethical and sociological questions facing psychosurgery as it continues to evolve.

THE RHETORICAL USE OF RANDOM SAMPLING: CRAFTING AND COMMUNICATING THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF POLLS AS A SCIENCE (1935-1948).

The scientific pollsters (Archibald Crossley, George H. Gallup, and Elmo Roper) emerged onto the American news media scene in 1935. Much of what they did in the following years (1935-1948) was to promote both the political and scientific legitimacy of their enterprise. They sought to be recognized as the sole legitimate producers of public opinion. In this essay I examine the, mostly overlooked, rhetorical work deployed by the pollsters to publicize the scientific credentials of their polling activities, and the central role the concept of sampling has had in that pursuit. First, they distanced themselves from the failed straw poll by claiming that their sampling methodology based on quotas was informed by science. Second, although in practice they did not use random sampling, they relied on it rhetorically to derive the symbolic benefits of being associated with the "laws of probability."

El teatro guiñol, la televisión mexicana y la educación para la salud a mediados del siglo XX / Puppet shows, Mexican television and health education in the mid-twentieth century

Resumen Este artículo rescata la obra de teatro guiñol Las calenturas de Don Ferruco, televisada a finales de la década de 1950 para promover la erradicación del paludismo en México como un útil instrumento de educación para la salud. Se analiza cómo la difusión del teatro guiñol educativo en la televisión mexicana evidenció la necesidad de mantener vigente la enseñanza dirigida a prevenir enfermedades y se subraya la importancia de la televisión como una producción educativa para promover la salud hacia mediados del siglo XX. El artículo muestra los inicios de su uso como una herramienta de especial importancia para lo que posteriormente sería la masificación de los discursos emitidos por la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia.

This article resurrects the puppet show Las calenturas de Don Ferruco (Don Ferruco’s Fevers), which was televised in the late 1950s in order to help eradicate malaria in Mexico, as a useful instrument for health education. It analyzes how the spread of educational puppet shows on Mexican television showed the need to keep updating preventive healthcare pedagogy and it underlines the importance of television as an educational health-promotion production in the mid-twentieth century. The article discusses the early use of puppet shows as an especially important tool for what would later become mass-media transmission of discourses from the Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Department of Health and Healthcare).

[Puppet shows, Mexican television and health education in the mid-twentieth century]. / El teatro guiñol, la televisión mexicana y la educación para la salud a mediados del siglo XX.

This article resurrects the puppet show Las calenturas de Don Ferruco (Don Ferruco's Fevers), which was televised in the late 1950s in order to help eradicate malaria in Mexico, as a useful instrument for health education. It analyzes how the spread of educational puppet shows on Mexican television showed the need to keep updating preventive healthcare pedagogy and it underlines the importance of television as an educational health-promotion production in the mid-twentieth century. The article discusses the early use of puppet shows as an especially important tool for what would later become mass-media transmission of discourses from the Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Department of Health and Healthcare).